

Electronics Motor Controller
Here is a circuit used to control motor more efficiently than any electromechanically controlling device. The project shown here is cheap and easy to construct. It also overcome the problem of noise triggering and noise pulse.
Circuit description
The power supply is given by pressing switch SW1 it shots the N/O contact of relay RL1 which gives supply to the circuit. The current through resistor R8 gives the base current to transistor T5. Where transistor T1, T2 and T3 from the over and under-voltage cut-offs. Here the transistor T4 on when over or under voltage is given to transistor T3.
For avoiding noise capacitor C2 with resistor R10 form a loss-pass filter and also give sufficient time delay. Here the resistor network (R11, R12, VR1) are used as current sensor. Where Diode D3 is as rectifier and capacitor C1 is used as noise filter of switching circuit.
PARTS LIST
Resistors (all ¼-watt, ± 5% Carbon)
R1 = 150 KΩ
R2 = 33 KΩ
R3 = 6.7 KΩ
R4 = 100 KΩ
R5 = 39 KΩ
R6 = 15 KΩ
R7 = 10 KΩ
R8 = 4.7 KΩ
R9 = 75 Ω/1W
R10, R13 = 47 KΩ
R11 = 470 Ω
R12 = 0.5 Ω
VR1 = 2.2 KΩ
Capacitors
C1 = 1000 µF/25V
C2, C3 = 47 µF/10V
Semiconductors
T1, T2, T3, T4 = BC148
T5 = SL100
D1, D2, D3 = 1N4001
ZD1, ZD2 = 3.1V
ZD3 = 9.1V
Miscellaneous
SW1, SW2 = Push to on switch
X1 = 230 primary AC primary to 18-0-18, 500mA secondary transformer
OR
(110 primary AC primary to 18-0-18, 500mA secondary transformer)
RL1 = 12V, 200 Ω Double pole double throw
M = Motor
can i know y ZD1, ZD2, ZD3 are used
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